Great Dive in Bunaken National Park

The Bunaken national park was delegation of the tropical Indonesian waters ecosystem that consisted of the mangrove forest ecosystem, of Padang lamun, the coral reef, and the mainland ecosystem/the coast. To the northern part consisted of the Bunaken island, the island Manado Tua, the Montehage island, the Siladen island, the Nain island, the island of Nain Kecil, and some Pisok territories of the Cape coast. Whereas to the southern part covered some Kelapa Cape coasts.

The potential for the mainland of this national park of the islands was rich in the palm kind, sago, woka, silar and the coconut. The available fauna kind in the mainland and the coast including the black Sulawesi monkey (Macaca nigra nigra), deer (Cervus timorensis russa), and the cuscus (Ailurops ursinus ursinus). The plants kind in the Bunaken National Park mangrove forest that is Rhizophora sp., Sonneratia sp., Lumnitzera sp., and Bruguiera sp. This forest was rich in various crab kinds, prawns, the mollusc and various sea bird kinds like the seagull, the heron, the sea virgin, and the sea groove.

The gap kind that was received in this national park covered the Caulerpa kind sp., Halimeda sp., and Padina sp. Padang lamun that dominated especially in the Montehage island, and the Nain island that is Thalassia hemprichii, Enhallus acoroides, and Thalassodendron ciliatum. Recorded 13 genera living coral in Bunaken National Park waters, was dominated by the kind and the obstacle coral reef of the bank coral reef. That interesting was tebing vertical coral until to the best of 25-50 metre.

Approximately 91 fish kinds were received in Bunaken National Park waters, among them the horse fish gusumi (Hippocampus the horse), oci white (Seriola rivoliana), lolosi the yellow tail (Lutjanus kasmira), goropa (Ephinephelus spilotoceps and Pseudanthias hypselosoma), ila gasi (Scolopsis bilineatus), et cetera. The mollusc kind like kima the giant (Tridacna gigas), the head of the goat (Cassis cornuta), the nautilus was hollow (the Nautilus pompillius), and tunikates/ascidian

The best visit season: in May s/d in August each year. The achievement method of the location: the Bunaken National Park could be reached through the Manado Port, Marina Indonesian Archipelago Diving Centre (NDC) in the Molas Subdistrict and the Blue Banter Marina. From the Manado Port by using the motorboat towards the Siladen island could be followed + 20 minutes, the island of Bunaken + 30 minutes, the island of Montehage + 50 minutes and the Nain island +60 minutes. From Blue Banter Marina by using the ship went for a trip that was available towards the area of the tour in the Bunaken island could be followed in time 10-15 minutes, whereas from the NDC port headed the location of diving in the Bunaken island with used speed boat was followed in time + 20 minutes.

The Mystery of Toba Lake

The Toba lake was a volcanic lake with the long measurement 100 kilometre and wide 30 kilometre in North Sumatra, Sumatra, Indonesia. In the middle of this lake was gotten a volcanic island was named the Samosir Island. The Toba lake had since long before become the area of the aim of the important tour in North Sumatra apart from the Lawang Hill and Nias, attracted domestic tourists and foreign countries.

Estimated the Toba Lake happened during the explosion around 73,000-75,000 last year and was the eruption supervolcano (the volcano super) that was newest. Bill Rose and Craig Chesner from Michigan Technological University estimated that volcanic materials that were spewed out the mountain totalling 2800km3, with 800km3 the rock ignimbrit and 2000km3 volcanic ash that was estimated was blown the wind to the west for 2 weeks. Volcanic dust that was blown the wind spread to half earths, from China as far as South Africa. His eruption happened for 1 week and his dust throw reached 10 KM on sea level.

This incident caused the mass death and to several species also was followed by the extinction. According to some DNA proof, this eruption also menyusutkan the amount of humankind until approximately 60% from the number of populations of earth humankind at that time that is approximately 60 million humans. The same eruption took part in causing the occurrence of the ice time, although the experts were still debating the matter. After this eruption, was formed the caldera that afterwards was filled by water and to that now is known as the Toba Lake. The pressure above by magma that did not yet go out caused the Samosir Island emergence.

The expert in geology indeed still is quick-selling. Yesterday Professor's turn of Ray Cas from Shool of Geosciences in Monash University that spoke. He said, Indonesia was risky experienced the extraordinary eruption and and very much maha-horrifying that will break the record of the earthquake last December in Aceh and last Monday in Nias. And that will explode was... The Toba lake... one of the biggest volcanoes in the world. Toba, said Cas, the last time exploded around 73 thousand years set. His eruption was very extraordinary so as to change the climate of the world at that time. His eruption mengibatkan dust rain and the stone through to 1.000 cubic kilometre to the atmosphere. As a result, the sun rays so terhalang entered the earth and caused the earth seem like back to the ice time, said Professor Cas.

Letusann 'yes only could ditandingin by asteroid the giant who bashed the earth', more cas, appeared to remind us of the Armagedon film that was starred in by Bruce Willis. Toba could like that because, same as being considered to be Professor Mac Clousky when speaking would the arrival of the earthquake that defended two Banda Aceh, because beneath it had the route of the earthquake fracture that was concrete like the Sumatran diameter. When the eruption maha horrifying that will happen? That was certain, he will happen. Possibly less than 50 years, or possibly 1,000 years more. The main thing is, he will explode, answered Cas.

The Miracle of Borobudur temple

Borobudur was the name of a Buddhist temple that was located in Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java. The location of the temple was approximately 100 km on the south-west of Semarang and 40 km on the north-west of Yogyakarta. This temple was established by the followers of the religion Buddhist Mahayana around the 800 's Masehi in the government's period of the Syailendra dynasty.

Many theories that tried to explain the name of this temple. One of them said that this name the possibility came from Sambharabhudhara words, that is meaning that the "mountain" (bhudara) where in his slopes was located terraces. Moreover was gotten by several etymologies of the other people. For example Borobudur words came from the statement "Buddha" that because of the shift in the sound became Borobudur. The other explanation was that this name came from two "ember" words and "beduhur". Ember words were it seems coming from temple words, while having also the other explanation where the ember came from the Sansekerta language that meaning that the temple complex or the monastery and beduhur meaning that is "high", or warned in Balinese that was significant "above". So his intention was a monastery or the barracks that was in the high land.

The historian J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to get the degree of the doctor in 1950 believed that Borobudur was the place of the worship. Was based on the Karangtengah inscription and Kahulunan, Casparis estimated, the Borobudur founder was the king from the Syailendra dynasty named Samaratungga around 824 of M. Bangunan the giant could be just completed in his daughter's period, Queen Pramudawardhani. The Borobudur development it was estimated took up time semicentenially.

The Borobudur temple have the shape of punden berundak, that consisted of six levels have the shape of lay alongside the cage, three levels have the shape of round coiled and a main stupa as his peak. Moreover was spread in all level-stage him several stupas. Borobudur that had ten stages depicted clearly philosophy mazhab Mahayana. like a book, Borobudur depicted ten Bodhisattva stages that must be passed through to achieve perfection to Buddha. The part foot Borobudur symbolised Kamadhatu, that is the world that still was controlled by kama or the "low desire". This part most were closed by the heap of the stone that it was suspected was made reinforce the construction of the temple. In the part that was closed the structure of this addition was gotten 120 the panel the Kammawibhangga story. Structure of the addition was set aside so as the person could be still seeing relief in this part.

Four floors with the wall berelief above by the experts was named Rupadhatu. His floor have the shape of persegi. Rupadhatu was the world that could have released itself from the desire, but still was tied by the form and the form. This stage symbolised nature between that is, between low and natural nature upper. In this Rupadhatu part Buddhist statues was received to wall holes above ballustrade or selasar. From the fifth floor to his seven walls not berelief. This stage was named Arupadhatu (that meant to take the form of or be not concrete). The floor plan had the shape of the circle. This stage symbolised upper nature, where humankind has been free from all the wishes and the association of the form and the form, but did not yet achieve nirvana. Buddhist statues were placed in the stupa that was closed hollow like in imprisonment. From outside the statues still appeared very vague.

The highest stage that depicted the lack of the shape was demonstrated took the form of the most big and highest stupa. The stupa was depicted plain without holes. In this biggest stupa had been found the Buddhist statue that was imperfect or was mentioned also unfinished Buddha, that disalahsangkakan as the Adibuddha statue, in fact through the research further had not had the statue to the main stupa, the statue that was not finished that was his sculptor's mistake in the time dahulu. according to the statue belief that was wrong in the process of his production indeed to be able to not be damaged. The excavation of archeology that was carried out in the page of this temple found many statues like this. In the past, several Buddhist statues were with 30 stones with relief, two lion statues, several stones had the shape of time, the ladder and the gate was sent to Thai King, Chulalongkorn that visited the Dutch East Indies (currently Indonesia) during 1896 as the gift from the Dutch East Indies government at that point.

Borobudur did not have worship spaces like other temples. Available was long paths that were the crowded road. Paths were restricted the wall surrounded the level temple for the sake of the level. In these paths Buddhist group was estimated did the walking ceremony over the temple to the right. The form of the building without the room and the multi-storey structure this was suspected of being the development from the form punden berundak, that was the form of original architecture from the Indonesian prehistoric period. The Borobudur structure when was seen from above formed the structure of the arena. The Borobudur structure did not use cement completely, but the system interlock that is like Release beams that could adhere without glue.

The Beautiful Bali

Bali was an island in Indonesia, at the same time becoming one of the Indonesian provinces. Bali was located between the Javanese Island and the Lombok Island. The capital of his province was Denpasar, that was located at the south of this island. The inhabitants's Balinese majority was the adherent of the Hindu religion. In the world, Bali was known as the aim of tourism with the uniqueness of various results art-culture him, especially for the Japanese tourists and Australia. Bali was also known as the Island of the Gods.

The Balinese island was part of the Island Sundanese Kecil along 153 km and was as wide 112 km around 3,2 km from the Javanese Island. In an astronomical manner, Bali was located in 8°25′23″ Lintang Selatan and 115°14′55″ Lintang Timur that mebuat him had a tropical climate like the Indonesian part that was other. Mount Agung was the highest point in Bali be as high as 3.148 m.. This volcano finally erupted in March 1963. Mount Batur also one of the available mountains in Bali. Around 30,000 last year, Mount Batur erupted and produced the disaster that was horrifying in the earth. Be different from on the north, the Balinese southern part was the plain that was passed through rivers. The Balinese capital was Denpasar. Other important places were Ubud as the centre of art was located in the Gianyar Regency; whereas Kuta, Sanur, Se- Minyak, Jimbaran and Nusa Dua were several places that became the aim of tourism, both the coastal tour and holiday accommodation.

First occupants of the Balinese island it was estimated came to 3000-2500 SM that migrated from Asia. The legacy of stone equipment was from this period found in the village Choke that was located at the west of the island. The prehistoric time afterwards ended with the arrival of Hindu people from India to 100 SM. [reconciliation? ] Balinese culture afterwards received the strong influence of Indian culture, that his process was increasingly fast after the 1st Masehi age. The Balidwipa name (the Balinese island) began to be found in various inscriptions, among them the Blanjong Inscription that was issued by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 913 M. and named Walidwipa words. Estimated around this period the irrigation system subak for planting of rice began to be developed. Several religious traditions and the culture also began to be developing in the period. The Majapahit kingdom (1293–1500 AD) that was religious Hindu and concentrated in the Javanese island, had established the kingdom of the subordinate in Bali around the year 1343 of M. Saat Itu almost all of the Indonesian Archipelago were religious Hindu, but together with the Islam arrival stood Islam kingdoms in the Indonesian Archipelago that in part caused the Majapahit fall.

Europeans who the first time found Bali were Cornelis de Houtman from the Netherlands to 1597, although a Portugis ship had beforehand been casted ashore close to the Hill cape, Jimbaran, to 1585. The Netherlands through VOC then began to carry out his colonisation in the Balinese land, but continued to receive the opposition so as up to the end of his authority their position in Bali not was as firm as their position in Java or the Moluccas. Began with the north Balinese territory, since the 1840 's the Dutch presence became permanent, that initially was carried out by pitting various Balinese rulers against each other that each other did not trust to one another. The Netherlands carried out the big attack through sea and the land against the Sanur area, and were followed with the Denpasar area. The Balinese side that lost in the number and weapons not want to experienced embarrassed because of surrendering, so as to cause the occurrence of the war to death or bellows, that involved all the good people the man and the woman including his king. Estimated as many as 4,000 people were killed in this incident, although the Netherlands ordered them to surrender.

Japan occupied Bali while World War II, and at that time a military officer named I Gusti Ngurah Rai formed Balinese troops the 'independence fighter'. Following surrendered him Japan in the Pacific in August 1945, the Netherlands immediately returned to Indonesia (including Bali) to maintain again his colonial government was proper for the situation before the war. This was opposed by Balinese opposition troops that at that time used the Japanese weapon. On November 20 1940, broke out the Margarana bellows battle that happened in the Clan village, Kabupaten Tabanan, Bali middle. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai, that was 29 years old, led his troops from the east Balinese territory to carry out the attack to death to Dutch troops that were fully-armed. All of the battalion's Balinese member was killed all of them, and made him the Balinese military opposition that was last. During 1946 the Netherlands made Bali as one of the 13 territories part of the Country Indonesian Timur that just was proclaimed, that is as one of the rival's countries for the Republic of Indonesia that was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta. Bali afterwards also was put inside Republic of Indonesia Serikat when the Netherlands acknowledged Indonesian independence on December 29 1949. In 1950, officially Bali left his union with the Netherlands and legally to a province from the Republic of Indonesia. The Mount Agung eruption that happened in 1963, could shake the economy of the people and caused many Balinese inhabitants to transmigrate to various other territories in Indonesia. In 1965, together with the failure of the coup by G30S against the national government in Jakarta, in Bali and many areas other happened penumpasan against the member and the sympathiser Communist Party Indonesia. In Bali, was estimated more than 100,000 people were killed or were lost. Nevertheless, incidents in the beginning period of this Baru Order up to at this time did not yet succeed in being revealed .

The terrorist's attack happened on October 12 2002, took the form of the Bali Bombing attack 2002 in the Kuta tourism region, caused as many as 202 people to be killed and 209 other people of the injury. The Bom Bali attack 2005 also happened three years afterwards in Kuta and the Jimbaran coast. These incidents received international coverage that was wide because most of his casualties were foreign tourists, and caused the Balinese tourism industry to face the difficult challenge several last years.

The Balinese inhabitants approximately an amount 4 million souls, with the majority 92,3% followed the Hindu religion. The other religion was Islam, Protestan, Katolik, and Buddha. Apart from the sector of tourism, the Balinese inhabitants also lived from agriculture and fisheries. Some also chose to become the artist. The language that was used in Bali was Indonesian, Bali, and England especially for that worked in the sector of tourism. Balinese and Indonesian were the language that was widest of his use in Bali, and as the Indonesian inhabitants other, most Balinese communities were bilingual or even trilingual. Although being gotten by several dialects in Balinese, generally the Balinese community used a form of social Balinese as the choice in communicating. Traditionally, the use of various Balinese dialects was determined was based on the system of the colour chess in the Hindu Dharma religion; although the implementation of this tradition tended to decrease. English was the third language (and the main foreign language) for many Balinese communities, that were affected by the requirement that was big from the tourism industry.